It is important to have a surplus of food in a civilization because it frees up other people so that they can focus on improving other things. Because some civilizations had a food surplus they were available to make a great breakthrough, they discovered that they can heat up plaster with fire and use it to insulate their homes.
Papua New Guineans on the other hand just focus on hunting and gathering because they never have enough food. It is constant hunting and farming for them because geographically were they are located there is not the right type of plants and animal to help them so they do everything by hand. They only have one domesticated animal, pigs, brought from Asia and all they really do is provide meat. That is why Papua New Guineans are still living in the Stone Age.
On the other hand people that live in the Fertile Crescent have wheat, rice, and barley. These crops are easy to plant and harvest, they contain a high amount of protein, and they can be stored for a long time. They have many of the domesticated animals located there as well. They have horses and because of them people were able to invent a plow that the horses pull to till the ground. They have sheep and goats for their milk and there wool. They domesticated plants and made permanent shelters to live in. the civilizations on or near the Fertile Crescent always had enough food and time to invent and advance in technology.
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